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Exam Prerequisites

To be CISSP certified, you must have at least five years of industrial experience in IT and security in a combination with two or more of the eight domains of the CISSP objectives. One year of required experience can be fulfilled by receiving a four-year university degree or an additional certification from the approved (ISC)2 list.

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ISC CISSP (Certified Information Systems Security Professional) Certification Exam is a globally recognized certification that validates the knowledge and expertise of information security professionals. Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) certification is designed to test the skills required to design, implement, manage, and maintain a secure business environment. CISSP exam is based on a comprehensive Common Body of Knowledge (CBK) that covers various domains related to information security, including security and risk management, asset security, security engineering, communication and network security, identity and access management, security assessment and testing, security operations, and software development security.

ISC CISSP Exam is considered one of the most challenging and prestigious information security certifications available today. It is administered by the International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium (ISC) and is recognized in over 160 countries around the world. CISSP exam consists of 250 multiple-choice questions and takes up to six hours to complete. Candidates must score at least 700 out of 1,000 points to pass the exam.

ISC Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) Sample Questions (Q232-Q237):

NEW QUESTION # 232
Which Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) phenomenon associated with bundled cable runs can create information leakage?

A. Covert channel
B. Transference
C. Bleeding
D. Cross-talk

Answer: D

Explanation:
Section: Software Development Security

NEW QUESTION # 233
Which of the following would BEST be defined as an absence or weakness of safeguard that could be exploited?

A. A vulnerability
B. A risk
C. A threat
D. An exposure

Answer: A

Explanation:
It is a software , hardware or procedural weakness that may provide an attacker the open door he is looking for to enter a computer or network and have unauthorized access to resources within the environment. A vulnerability characterizes the absence or weakness of a safeguard that could be exploited. This vulnerability may be a service running on a server, unpatched applications or operating system software etc.
The following answers are incorrect because: Threat: A threat is defined as a potential danger to information or systems. The threat is someone or something will identify a specific vulnerability and use it against the company or individual. The entity that takes advantage of a vulnerability is referred to as a 'Threat Agent'. A threat agent could be an intruder accessing the network through a port on the firewall , a process accessing data that
violates the security policy.
Risk:A risk is the likelihood of a threat agent taking advantage of a vulnerability and the
corresponding business impact. If a firewall has several ports open , there is a higher likelihood
that an intruder will use one to access the network in an unauthorized method.
Exposure: An exposure is an instance of being exposed to losses from a threat agent.
REFERENCES:
SHON HARRIS , ALL IN ONE THIRD EDITION : Chapter 3 : Security Management Practices ,
Pages: 57-59

NEW QUESTION # 234
Which of the following statements pertaining to IPSec is incorrect?

A. A security association has to be defined between two IPSec systems in order for bi-directional communication to be established.
B. ESP provides for integrity, authentication and encryption to IP datagrams.
C. In transport mode, ESP only encrypts the data payload of each packet.
D. Integrity and authentication for IP datagrams are provided by AH.

Answer: A

Explanation:
This is incorrect, there would be a pair of Security Association (SA) needed for bi
directional communication and NOT only one SA. The sender and the receiver would both
negotiate an SA for inbound and outbound connections.
The two main concepts of IPSec are Security Associations (SA) and tunneling. A Security
Association (SA) is a simplex logical connection between two IPSec systems. For bi-directional
communication to be established between two IPSec systems, two separate Security
Associations, one in each direction, must be defined.
The security protocols can either be AH or ESP.
NOTE FROM CLEMENT:
The explanations below are a bit more thorough than what you need to know for the exam.
However, they always say a picture is worth one thousands words, I think it is very true when it
comes to explaining IPSEC and it's inner working. I have found a great article from CISCO PRESS
and DLINK covering this subject, see references below.
Tunnel and Transport Modes
IPSec can be run in either tunnel mode or transport mode. Each of these modes has its own
particular uses and care should be taken to ensure that the correct one is selected for the solution:
Tunnel mode is most commonly used between gateways, or at an end-station to a gateway, the
gateway acting as a proxy for the hosts behind it.
Transport mode is used between end-stations or between an end-station and a gateway, if the
gateway is being treated as a host-for example, an encrypted Telnet session from a workstation
to a router, in which the router is the actual destination.
As you can see in the Figure 1 graphic below, basically transport mode should be used for end-to-
end sessions and tunnel mode should be used for everything else.
FIGURE: 1
IPSEC Transport Mode versus Tunnel Mode
Tunnel and transport modes in IPSec.
Figure 1 above displays some examples of when to use tunnel versus transport mode:
Tunnel mode is most commonly used to encrypt traffic between secure IPSec gateways, such as
between the Cisco router and PIX Firewall (as shown in example A in Figure 1). The IPSec
gateways proxy IPSec for the devices behind them, such as Alice's PC and the HR servers in
Figure 1. In example A, Alice connects to the HR servers securely through the IPSec tunnel set up
between the gateways.
Tunnel mode is also used to connect an end-station running IPSec software, such as the Cisco Secure VPN Client, to an IPSec gateway, as shown in example B. In example C, tunnel mode is used to set up an IPSec tunnel between the Cisco router and a server running IPSec software. Note that Cisco IOS software and the PIX Firewall sets tunnel mode as the default IPSec mode. Transport mode is used between end-stations supporting IPSec, or between an end-station and a gateway, if the gateway is being treated as a host. In example D, transport mode is used to set up an encrypted Telnet session from Alice's PC running Cisco Secure VPN Client software to terminate at the PIX Firewall, enabling Alice to remotely configure the PIX Firewall securely.
FIGURE: 2 IPSEC AH Tunnel and Transport mode
AH Tunnel Versus Transport Mode Figure 2 above, shows the differences that the IPSec mode makes to AH. In transport mode, AH services protect the external IP header along with the data payload. AH services protect all the fields in the header that don't change in transport. The header goes after the IP header and before the ESP header, if present, and other higher-layer protocols.
As you can see in Figure 2 above, In tunnel mode, the entire original header is authenticated, a new IP header is built, and the new IP header is protected in the same way as the IP header in transport mode.
AH is incompatible with Network Address Translation (NAT) because NAT changes the source IP address, which breaks the AH header and causes the packets to be rejected by the IPSec peer. FIGURE: 3
IPSEC ESP Tunnel versus Transport modes
ESP Tunnel Versus Transport Mode Figure 3 above shows the differences that the IPSec mode makes to ESP. In transport mode, the IP payload is encrypted and the original headers are left intact. The ESP header is inserted after the IP header and before the upper-layer protocol header. The upper-layer protocols are encrypted and authenticated along with the ESP header. ESP doesn't authenticate the IP header itself.
NOTE: Higher-layer information is not available because it's part of the encrypted payload. When ESP is used in tunnel mode, the original IP header is well protected because the entire original IP datagram is encrypted. With an ESP authentication mechanism, the original IP datagram and the ESP header are included; however, the new IP header is not included in the authentication.
When both authentication and encryption are selected, encryption is performed first, before authentication. One reason for this order of processing is that it facilitates rapid detection and rejection of replayed or bogus packets by the receiving node. Prior to decrypting the packet, the receiver can detect the problem and potentially reduce the impact of denial-of-service attacks.
ESP can also provide packet authentication with an optional field for authentication. Cisco IOS software and the PIX Firewall refer to this service as ESP hashed message authentication code (HMAC). Authentication is calculated after the encryption is done. The current IPSec standard specifies which hashing algorithms have to be supported as the mandatory HMAC algorithms.
The main difference between the authentication provided by ESP and AH is the extent of the coverage. Specifically, ESP doesn't protect any IP header fields unless those fields are encapsulated by ESP (tunnel mode).
The following were incorrect answers for this question: Integrity and authentication for IP datagrams are provided by AH This is correct, AH provides integrity and authentication and ESP provides integrity, authentication and encryption. ESP provides for integrity, authentication and encryption to IP datagrams. ESP provides authentication, integrity, and confidentiality, which protect against data tampering and, most importantly, provide message content protection. In transport mode, ESP only encrypts the data payload of each packet. ESP can be operated in either tunnel mode (where the original packet is encapsulated into a new one) or transport mode (where only the data payload of each packet is encrypted, leaving the header untouched).
Reference(s) used for this question: Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 6986-6989). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition. and http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=25477 and http://documentation.netgear.com/reference/sve/vpn/VPNBasics-3-05.html

NEW QUESTION # 235
Which of the following is the FIRST step in the incident response process?

A. Isolate and contain the system involved
B. Investigate all symptoms to confirm the incident
C. Determine the cause of the incident
D. Disconnect the system involved from the network

Answer: B

Explanation:
Investigating all symptoms to confirm the incident is the first step in the incident response process. An incident is an event that violates or threatens the security, availability, integrity, or confidentiality of the IT systems or data. An incident response is a process that involves detecting, analyzing, containing, eradicating, recovering, and learning from an incident, using various methods and tools. An incident response can provide several benefits, such as:
* Improving the security and risk management of the IT systems and data by identifying and addressing the security weaknesses and gaps
* Enhancing the security and decision making of the IT systems and data by providing the evidence and information for the security analysis, evaluation, and reporting
* Increasing the security and improvement of the IT systems and data by providing the feedback and input for the security response, remediation, and optimization
* Facilitating the compliance and alignment of the IT systems and data with the internal or external requirements and standards Investigating all symptoms to confirm the incident is the first step in the incident response process, because it can ensure that the incident is verified and validated, and that the incident response is initiated and escalated.
A symptom is a sign or an indication that an incident may have occurred or is occurring, such as an alert, a log, or a report. Investigating all symptoms to confirm the incident involves collecting and analyzing the relevant data and information from various sources, such as the IT systems, the network, the users, or the external parties, and determining whether an incident has actually happened or is happening, and how serious or urgent it is. Investigating all symptoms to confirm the incident can also help to:
* Prevent the false positives or negatives that might cause the incident response to be delayed or unnecessary
* Identify the scope and impact of the incident on the IT systems and data
* Notify and inform the appropriate stakeholders and authorities about the incident
* Activate and coordinate the incident response team and resources
The other options are not the first steps in the incident response process, but rather steps that should be done after or along with investigating all symptoms to confirm the incident. Determining the cause of the incident is a step that should be done after investigating all symptoms to confirm the incident, because it can ensure that the root cause and source of the incident are identified and analyzed, and that the incident response is directed and focused. Determining the cause of the incident involves examining and testing the affected IT systems and data, and tracing and tracking the origin and path of the incident, using various techniques and tools, such as forensics, malware analysis, or reverse engineering. Determining the cause of the incident can also help to:
* Understand the nature and behavior of the incident and the attacker
* Detect and resolve any issues or risks caused by the incident
* Prevent and mitigate any future incidents or attacks involving the same or similar cause
* Support and enable the legal or regulatory actions or investigations against the incident or the attacker Disconnecting the system involved from the network is a step that should be done along with investigating all symptoms to confirm the incident, because it can ensure that the system is isolated and protected from any external or internal influences or interferences, and that the incident response is conducted in a safe and controlled environment. Disconnecting the system involved from the network can also help to:
* Prevent the incident from communicating or connecting with any other system or network, and potentially spreading or escalating the attack
* Prevent the incident from receiving or sending any commands or data, and potentially altering or deleting the evidence
* Prevent the incident from detecting or evading the incident response, and potentially hiding or destroying itself Isolating and containing the system involved is a step that should be done after investigating all symptoms to confirm the incident, because it can ensure that the incident is confined and restricted, and that the incident response is continued and maintained. Isolating and containing the system involved involves applying and enforcing the appropriate security measures and controls to limit or stop the activity and impact of the incident on the IT systems and data, such as firewall rules, access policies, or encryption keys. Isolating and containing the system involved can also help to:
* Minimize the damage and loss caused by the incident on the IT systems and data
* Maximize the recovery and restoration of the IT systems and data
* Support and enable the eradication and removal of the incident from the IT systems and data
* Facilitate the learning and improvement of the IT systems and data from the incident

NEW QUESTION # 236
Which of the following statements BEST describes the Public Key
Cryptography Standards (PKCS)?

A. A set of public-key cryptography standards that support only standard algorithms such as Diffie-Hellman and RSA
B. A set of public-key cryptography standards that support algorithms such as Diffie-Hellman and RSA as well as algorithm independent standards
C. A set of public-key cryptography standards that support encryption algorithms such as Diffie-Hellman and RSA, but does not address digital signatures
D. A set of public-key cryptography standards that support only algorithm-independent implementations

Answer: B

Explanation:
PKCS supports algorithm-independent and algorithm-specific implementations as well as digital signatures and certificates. It was developed by a consortium including RSA Laboratories, Apple, DEC, Lotus, Sun, Microsoft and MIT. At this writing, there are 15 PKCS standards. Examples of these standards are: PKCS #1. Defines mechanisms for encrypting and signing data using the RSA public-key system PKCS #3. Defines the Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol PKCS #10. Describes a syntax for certification requests PKCS #15. Defines a standard format for cryptographic credentials stored on cryptographic tokens
Topic 15, Exam SET C

NEW QUESTION # 237
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